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Compound interest means you earn returns not only on your original principal but also on the returns already accumulated. Over long periods this compounding causes growth to accelerate, which is why starting early has such a large impact on final outcomes.
The rule of 72 is a quick way to estimate how long it takes money to double. Divide 72 by the annual return rate: at 8% per year, money doubles in roughly 9 years, since 72 divided by 8 is 9.
Inflation erodes the purchasing power of money over time, so a nominal return overstates how much richer you actually become. Subtracting inflation gives the real return, which reflects the true increase in what your money can buy.