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ZYBERNO

Stock Report

Updated Aug 28, 2026

Sea Limited (SE)

NYSE

$118.32

Sea Limited is a Singaporean multinational technology conglomerate that operates an integrated platform for e-commerce, digital entertainment, and digital financial services across Southeast Asia, Taiwan, and Latin America. The company operates through three main segments: Garena (digital entertainment, including Free Fire, the most downloaded game on Google Play in 2019), Shopee (the largest mobile-centric e-commerce marketplace in Southeast Asia and Taiwan, launched in 2015), and SeaMoney (digital payments and financial services under brands including ShopeePay and SeaBank). Listed on the New York Stock Exchange with revenue of $16.8 billion in 2024, Sea Limited has established itself as a leading tech platform serving consumers across multiple markets.

Professional Investment Analysis

ZYBERNO SCORE →

Is it a great business? Is it getting better?

33.0/100

WEAK BUSINESS

Sea Limited (SE) scores 33/100 — weak fundamentals with mixed indicators requiring careful analysis before acting.

📊 How is the Zyberno Score calculated? +

The Zyberno Score answers one question: "Is this a quality business worth owning?" It's a 0-100 investment grade that evaluates business fundamentals across four critical dimensions, based on principles from Warren Buffett, Benjamin Graham, Peter Lynch, and Charlie Munger.

The 4 Core Categories (25 points each):

1. PROFITABILITY (25 pts)

Metrics: ROE, ROIC, Net Margin, Operating Margin
Thresholds: ROE >20% excellent • ROIC >20% excellent • Net Margin >20% excellent • Operating Margin >25% excellent

2. FINANCIAL STRENGTH (25 pts)

Metrics: Debt-to-Equity, Current Ratio, Interest Coverage, Altman Z-Score
Thresholds: D/E <0.3 excellent • Current Ratio >2.5 excellent • Interest Coverage >10x excellent • Altman Z >3.0 safe

3. CASH FLOW QUALITY (25 pts)

Metrics: Free Cash Flow, OCF vs Net Income, FCF Margin
Thresholds: Positive & growing FCF excellent • OCF/NI >1.2x excellent (cash earnings exceed accounting)

4. GROWTH & CONSISTENCY (25 pts)

Metrics: Revenue Growth, Net Income Growth, FCF Growth, Piotroski F-Score
Thresholds: Growth via log-linear regression • Piotroski 8-9 excellent, 6-7 good

Score Interpretation:

75-100

GREAT BUSINESS

65-74

GOOD BUSINESS

50-64

AVERAGE BUSINESS

30-49

WEAK BUSINESS

0-29

POOR BUSINESS

→ View full SE quality analysis & detailed breakdown

VALUATION SIGNAL

MARGIN OF SAFETY

Is this stock cheap or expensive relative to what the business has historically generated for owners?

Margin of Safety unavailable — insufficient data for the owner-earnings DCF.

BRINA GAP ↗

Is the market underestimating or overestimating what this business is capable of going forward?

-19.7%

Market Overestimates

💰 How is Margin of Safety calculated? +

Margin of Safety measures how much discount or premium you're paying relative to a stock's intrinsic value. It's Benjamin Graham's core principle: the larger the margin, the lower your downside risk.

Formula: (Intrinsic Value − Current Price) ÷ Intrinsic Value × 100%

How We Calculate Intrinsic Value (DCF Method):

Step 1: Calculate current Owner Earnings (OCF − Maintenance CapEx)

Step 2: Calculate company-specific growth rate using log-linear regression on 16 quarters of Owner Earnings

Step 3: Project 10 years forward using the calculated growth rate

Step 4: Discount each year's cash flow to present value using 10% discount rate

Step 5: Calculate terminal value using 3% perpetual growth rate

Step 6: Sum all discounted cash flows = Intrinsic Value

What The Percentages Mean:

+50% or more

EXCELLENT — Very undervalued

+25% to +50%

GOOD — Attractive discount

0% to +25%

FAIR — Reasonable value

0% to -25%

CAUTION — Slight premium

-25% or worse

POOR — Overvalued

"Price is what you pay, value is what you get." — Warren Buffett

→ View full SE valuation analysis · → View full SE Brina Gap analysis

📈 How is Brina Gap calculated? +

Brina Gap measures the difference between the growth a business can fundamentally sustain and the growth the market is already pricing in.

Formula: Fundamental Growth Rate − Market-Implied Growth Rate

The Two Components:

Fundamental Growth Rate = ROIC × Reinvestment Rate

What the business can sustainably grow at based on how much it reinvests and what return it earns on that capital. Grounded in historical financials.

Market-Implied Growth Rate = Reverse DCF

The growth rate the current Enterprise Value implicitly assumes. Calculated by back-solving a 10-year DCF model (10% WACC, 3% terminal growth) until the present value of projected cash flows equals EV.

What The Gap Means:

Gap > +5% Market Underestimates — potential upside

+2% to +5% Slight Underestimate

-2% to +2% Fairly Priced — market consensus matches fundamentals

-5% to -2% Slight Overestimate

Gap < -5% Market Overestimates — price embeds optimism fundamentals don't support

A positive gap (market underestimates) combined with a positive Margin of Safety is the strongest combined signal — the business is both cheap historically and forward economics are stronger than the price suggests.

Critical Financial Health Indicators

Return on Equity (Profitability):CRITICAL (0.0%)

Debt-to-Equity (Solvency Risk):AVERAGE (0.70x)

Operating Margin (Operational Efficiency):CRITICAL (0.0%)

Return on Capital (Capital Efficiency):POOR (8.3%)

📊 Valuation Trilogy

Three interconnected metrics for complete valuation analysis

Click any metric for full methodology and detailed analysis

Zyberno's Verdict

Sea Limited (SE) stock report — Zyberno Score 33/100 (WEAK BUSINESS). Full financial analysis on Zyberno.

According to Zyberno's DCF model, Sea Limited (SE) shows a Brina Gap of -19.7%, which weakens the case: based on the company's ROIC (8.3%) and reinvestment rate (10.0%), the business can fundamentally grow at 0.8% — but the current enterprise value implies the market expects 20.5%.

DIVISION I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

A. Market Valuation

Market Price & Capitalization (2)

Current Price:118.32

Market Cap:$70.40B

Valuation Multiples (2)

P/B Ratio:5.57x

Peg Ratio:-999.00x

Enterprise Metrics (3)

Enterprise Value:$74.77B

Ev Ebitda Ratio:31.99x

Pfcf Ratio:15.61x

Price Action & Momentum (3)

12-1 Momentum:

-36.2% (12th pctile)

📈 Click to view full SE Momentum analysis →

Momentum Percentile:12 / 100

% of 52-Week High:59.4%

B. Profitability Assessment

Return Metrics (5)

Roic:

8.3%

📊 Click to view full SE ROIC analysis →

Reinvestment Rate:10.0%

Fundamental Growth Rate (g):0.8%

Market-Implied Growth Rate:20.5%

Brina Gap:

-19.7%

☷ Click to view full SE Brina Gap analysis →

Margin Analysis (1)

Ebitda Margin:10.2%

Yield Metrics (2)

Earnings Yield:-$999.00

Dividend Yield:0.0%

C. Log-Linear Regression Growth Trends

D. Financial Stability

Liquidity Ratios (3)

Current Ratio:1.58x

Quick Ratio:1.57x

Cash Ratio:0.28x

Leverage Analysis (3)

Debt To Equity Ttm:0.70x

Debt-to-Equity Ratio:0.70x

Debt To Ebitda:3.65x

Coverage Ratios (2)

Interest Coverage Ratio:59.07x

Times Interest Earned:59.07

Capital Structure (4)

Working Capital:8,568,945,000.00

Cash And Cash Equivalents:4,158,920,000.00

Long Term Debt:$1.12B

Net Debt:$4.37B

DIVISION II: FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ANALYSIS

A. Income Statement Analysis

Revenue Components (2)

$22.94B

Cost Of Revenue Ttm:$12.69B

Profitability Breakdown (2)

$10.24B$1.99B

Bottom Line Performance (3)

$1.58B

Income Before Tax:$2.28B

Ebitda Ttm:2,337,140,000.00

Operating Expenses (5)

Operating Expenses:8,258,431,000.00

R And D Expense:1,157,149,000.00

Sga Expense:4,492,203,000.00

Income Tax Expense:$651.08M

Interest Expense:33,610,000.00

Expense Ratios (3)

R And D To Revenue Percentage:5.0%

Sga To Revenue Percentage:19.6%

Ebitda Margin:10.2%

B. Balance Sheet Analysis

Asset Composition (5)

Total Assets:$29.37B

Current Assets:$23.25B

Ppe Net:1,306,837,000.00

Goodwill:104,462,000.00

Intangible Assets:$12.21M

Liability Structure (4)

Total Liabilities:16,722,651,000.00

Current Liabilities:14,680,550,000.00

Long Term Debt:$1.12B

Short Term Debt:$7.41B

Equity & Capital (3)

Equity:$12.65B

Retained Earnings:-$6.58B

Common Stock:0.00

Working Capital Items (3)

Accounts Receivable:378,047,000.00

Inventory:222,578,000.00

Accounts Payable:467,807,000.00

Special Items (2)

Contract Liabilities:1,967,678,000.00

Stock Based Compensation:624,995,000.00

C. Cash Flow Analysis

Operating Activities (2)

$5.02B$4.51B

Investment Activities (1)

Investing Cash Flow:-$4.41B

Financing Activities (3)

Financing Cash Flow:$1.62B

Dividends Paid Ttm:0.00

Stock Repurchase:14,027,000.00

Capital Transactions (3)

Common Stock Issuance:56,825,000.00

Long Term Debt Issuance:$0.00

Long Term Debt Repayments:$0.00

Non-Cash Items (1)

Depreciation Amortization Ttm:351,834,000.00

DIVISION III: OPERATIONAL METRICS

A. Per Share Analysis

Earnings Per Share (1)

Earnings Per Share Ttm:$2.65

Revenue & Cash Per Share (2)

Sales Per Share Ttm:38.55

Operating Cash Flow Per Share:$8.44

Book Value & Capital (2)

Book Value Per Share:$21.26

Cash Per Share:6.99

Dividend Policy (1)

Dividend Payout Ratio:-999.00x

B. Operational Efficiency

Asset Utilization (2)

Asset Turnover Ttm:0.78x

Working Capital Turnover Ttm:2.68x

Receivables Management (2)

Receivables Turnover Ttm:60.68x

Days Sales Outstanding Ttm:6.02

Inventory Management (2)

Inventory Turnover Ttm:57.03x

Days Inventory Outstanding Ttm:6.40

Payables & Cash Cycle (2)

Days Payable Outstanding:13.45

Cash Conversion Cycle:-1.04

C. Quality & Risk Metrics

Financial Quality Scores (2)

Financial Strength Score:100.00

Quality Score:100.00

Market Metrics (2)

Beta:0.00x

Volatility Category:unknown

DIVISION IV: INVESTMENT ANALYSIS

A. Value Investment Framework

Damodaran Growth Analysis (4)

Reinvestment Rate:10.0%

Fundamental Growth Rate (g):0.8%

Market-Implied Growth Rate:20.5%

Brina Gap:

-19.7%

☷ Click to view full SE Brina Gap analysis →

B. Log-Linear Regression Growth Analysis

C. Company Profile & Context

Corporate Information (6)

Symbol:SE

Company Name:Sea Limited

Sector:Unknown

Industry:Services-Miscellaneous Business Services

Exchange:NYSE

Country:Singapore

Market Classification (3)

Market Cap Category:N/A

Price Category:high

Volume Category:N/A

Share Structure (3)

Shares Outstanding:595.02M

Shares Outstanding Basic:595.02M

Shares Outstanding Diluted:638.23M

Data Processing Info (3)

Processing Version:v3.0

Last Updated:2026-08-28 14:33:23 UTC

Data Timestamp:2026-08-28T14:33:23.412499